THE LIGHT THE WORLD MUSLIM CULTURE
Now it was the Muslims to develop without the presence and miracles of the Prophet Muhammad who had died as with other human beings. Many provinces did not exceed the death of the Prophet and rebelled against the first Caliph [3] Abu Bakr.
Abu Bakr also had to resist the attacks of the two superpowers of the time: the Byzantines and Persians. In the two years of his government knew the Caliph Abu Bakr to end the rebellion and defeated the Byzantines and Persians at once. What this man did is amazing, would be like a small Third World government defeated the U.S. and China at a time while overcoming internal rebellions. This capacity and political will are a sign of education that Muhammad gave his disciples and followers.
Abu Bakr also ordered binding and collect the Qur’an in one volume for reference.
When he died, may God be pleased with him, Abu Bakr had established the Islamic State beyond the Arab Desert and the cultural influence of Islam in the Middle East began to be felt.
The second Caliph Omar bin Al Khattab. Soundly defeated the Byzantines and Persians sitting Muslim rule the entire Middle East, was an honest man, enlightened and very progressive. Established courier system, established the rights of citizens of the Caliphate making great concessions and tolerance to people who do not profess Islam. He had the idea to create tickets but not yet know the role and feared that if the notes were made of leather animal, people extinct animals to produce notes with your skin.
He tried to soften the generation gap by recommending to parents: “impongáis not your children all your lives because their times are not yours.” Taqmbién Omar said the famous words: “The Arabs were a people humbled and God gave victory to Islam, if we seek the glory out of Islam, we will be humiliated.”
Omar Othman ibn Affan succeeded him, who ran as a considerable empire united by the Islamic faith, in their territories lived different races, languages, religions and customs, all protected and bound by Islam. Othman sent copies of the Quran to all provincial capitals to the Koranic text is not altered by the different dialects and pronunciations of the extensive Muslim Caliphate.
Ozman fell victim to inter-regional tensions and was succeeded by Caliph Ali, cousin and son of Muhammad.
Ali had a short rule is summarized in preventing civil war approached by the action of Persian and Syrian nationalism that emerged many centuries ago when Persians fought against Roman Christians against Zoroastrians.
Ali was an example of justice and tolerance but was murdered by extremists demanding Bedouin uproot Persian and Syrian nationalism.
The son of Ali, Hassan, succeeded his father in the Caliphate. In the few months that ruled did everything possible to avoid civil war, which finally succeeded in giving the government the Governor of Syria, Muawiya. This gesture of surrender and detachment is unique in history and managed to pacify the Caliphate for 20 years at least.
The governments of Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman, Ali and Hassan are known as “rightly guided caliphs” because their actions fully expressed the teaching of the Qur’an and Muhammad, and succeeded in freeing the entire Middle East, of injustice and medieval superstition affecting the rest of the world.
Cultural achievements of this period:
* The various races of Middle East were integrated for the first time in nearly a thousand years and joined the brotherhood of Islam and the Muslim government’s tolerance towards Jews and Christian citizens. The tribal and racist system was left behind and was replaced by the fraternity of faith and good neighborly relations with other faiths.
* Citizenship and respect for the law gave rights and security for citizens. Every ethnicity and religion kept their customs and rituals, even had its own courts that judged according to the customs of these minorities.
* Islam is secular, not theocracy has no chosen people of God, recognizes the man’s faith without looking at race or social status. Thousands of people are Christian, Jewish or Zoroastrian entered the egalitarian teachings of Islam and rational. Islam became the dominant form of Middle Eastern life.
* The science began to develop around the mosques where Muslims worship taught others to read, write and recite the Koran. The Arabic language was replaced by Persian and Greek in the Middle East. Muslims were humble seeker of knowledge and do not hesitate to learn and spread the sciences in Greco-Roman, Persian and Egyptian worldwide.
