Political Decline (1258 – 1924):
The Muslim cultural and scientific development was contrasted by the fragile political unity of the Islamic world that is increasingly divided into smaller kingdoms, emirates and confronted. The first territory was separated from the Andalusian Caliphate under Umayyad Emir, then followed many other secessions and religious wars between Shiites, Kharijites, Druze and other beliefs originated historically in Islam. In the twelfth century and was noticed fatigue and political decline of the Muslims. The death blow to the Muslim political unity was the fierce attack against Palestine and crossed the Mongol invasion of Baghdad, the two lands were the heart of the Muslim civilization. There were moments of grave crisis for the Moslem world. However, the cultural superiority of Muslims makes islamic Mongols in a short time and that the European crusaders return to their countries carrying the seed of the Renaissance and modernity to Europe.
It is noteworthy that during the period of political decline, the scientific and artistic Muslim shine well into the seventeenth century CE.
This period begins with the fall of Hispanic and Italian Muslims are fiercely persecuted by the Christian Inquisition in all its territories, despite initial tolerance of some Catholic monarchs as Alfonso el Sabio or William II. In several centuries removed Islam is fiercely in Spain, Portugal and Italy.
Many refugees from Andalusia is set in Morocco and Algeria to give some glory to the North African cities.
Scientists in Baghdad and Persia turn take refuge in Egypt and Syria, becoming the cultural capital Cairo in the Middle East. In Central Asia and India, magnificent kingdoms founded Islamized Mongols and the Mongol horde and the gold. Islamized Turks founded states in the Middle East and collaborate in the expulsion of the Crusaders and finally founded the Ottoman Empire in present day Turkey.
Of note is the deep sense of humanity and Muslim sensitivities about the Jews. The Christian Inquisition in Europe fiercely pursues and punishes the Jews and they are to take refuge in large numbers in Muslim cities where they are greeted with sincere tolerance. Such is the case of the Jewish communities of Morocco, Egypt and Turkey.
The Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire:
Between the fifteenth and the nineteenth century the Ottoman Turks will expand in the Balkans and the Middle East to master all the Balkans, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Arabia and Mediterranean Africa. In the sixteenth century were the most important power in Europe and the first European country to have a constitution and special status for minorities.
In India highlighted the Mughals, Muslim of Mongolian origin. All ruled Hindustan (current India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) to the eighteenth century.
A philosophical and scientific level in this period highlights the progress of mysticism and ritualism end, a kind of spiritual retreat of the Muslims towards a more tolerant and less cruel than the relentless advance of European materialism of the modern age. The occupation of transcendental meditation rituals and Muslims led to neglect of science and scientific progress.
As scientific personality of this period highlights Muhammad Ibn Khaldun, who wrote the famous “Prologue” which is considered without doubt the first book of historiography and sociology of the world. Ibn Khaldun lived in the fifteenth century and Tunisian origin was a Andalusia.
