BAGHDAD heyday MUSLIM
The Umayyads were finally overthrown by the Abbasid family, related to Muhammad by his uncle Al Abbas. An Abbasid Caliph founded the city of Baghdad, around the tenth century CE was the most important city in the world followed by China and capital of Muslim Cordoba.
Baghdad was the center of all scientific and artistic consideration. Scientists and philosophers of world renown went through Baghdad.
In Baghdad, success was measured with a level surface, are available through wrote the first modern, developed the scientific method and even invented a flying machine, with little clear success.
The Abbasid dynasty focused his attention on Iraq and Persia in general, having more ties with Asia than with the Mediterranean.
The Caliphate created a very modern public service, the State provided free education and health care to all residents in its territory, Muslim or not. Most important was the systematization and standardization of health services and education, requiring scientific training to doctors and academic preparation for teachers of public schools and universities. The manuals and medical encyclopedias Avicenna, al-Razi and Al Biruni were the most in medicine for many centuries. His surgical advances include documentary records of caesarean sections and cataract removal.
In mathematics, astronomy and other sciences Muslims took to the dark world of medieval superstition to modern science. Using the scientific method created by them, Muslim scholars created algebra, trigonometry and logarithms, besides the concept of zero, the Arabic numerals and calculating with variables. Chemistry as a science was the result of the investigations of the medieval Muslim. Muslims improved the compass China, developed the explosive power of gunpowder and created the role of cotton based on the Chinese Silk paper. With the introduction of paper in Europe by Muslims, Christians were able to develop their science and scientific studies later.
Muslims founded the first universities in the world (Baghdad, Al Azhar, Córdoba, Tunisia, etc.) And standardize higher education by establishing the concept of academic degree and annual reviews of professional qualification.
Bait ul Hikma was the world’s largest library in the middle ages and was also a world center for translation and classification of scientific literature. Including scientific lectures and a school official translators of scientific manuscripts. The glory of Baghdad in contrast to the humility of his scholars who did not hide the foreign origin of their knowledge, unlike the Greeks.
Philosophers, jurists and theologians are not left behind. Arise most famous schools of law: Hanafi, Shafei, Maliki and Hanbali.
Averroes and Avicenna alone marked the philosophical discussion of Judaism and Christianity throughout the Middle Ages, being godparents Hebrew scholars of philosophy and Christian scholasticism. Muslim philosophers were the origin of all philosophical debate often was among their supporters (Averroism Christian) or those who studied to refute (Thomism).
In political theory also highlights the contribution of Muslim rulers responsibility before God and the people. If a ruler violates the law of God being unfair to the people, must be overthrown by the people says Islam. Note that at the time Christianity and other religions regarded the king as divine rulers instituted by God and infallible.
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